1 00:00:07,390 --> 00:00:10,766 Pluto, which remained a mystery for a long time 2 00:00:10,966 --> 00:00:13,232 It was finally revealed 3 00:00:13,432 --> 00:00:18,345 These stunning images shocked the flag 4 00:00:18,545 --> 00:00:20,639 Wherever you look, it looks different 5 00:00:20,839 --> 00:00:23,226 This is very shocking 6 00:00:23,944 --> 00:00:26,191 Snow volcanoes 7 00:00:26,391 --> 00:00:28,340 Fast-flowing glaciers 8 00:00:28,540 --> 00:00:32,044 And giant mountains like rocky mountains 9 00:00:34,639 --> 00:00:38,076 We thought Pluto was dead and boring 10 00:00:38,276 --> 00:00:40,712 We were completely wrong 11 00:00:40,912 --> 00:00:42,572 It was incredible 12 00:00:42,772 --> 00:00:49,514 Everyone new is stunning We didn't know Pluto was so complicated 13 00:00:49,978 --> 00:00:53,486 In 2015, Pluto showed us his heart 14 00:00:56,135 --> 00:00:59,655 But its biggest secrets are below 15 00:00:59,855 --> 00:01:03,053 Can trap Pluto Small space life forms 16 00:01:03,054 --> 00:01:06,539 Three billion miles from the sun? 17 00:01:18,932 --> 00:01:21,579 History of Pluto's secret 18 00:01:21,779 --> 00:01:25,236 Mechanical probes equipped with scientific equipment 19 00:01:25,436 --> 00:01:30,800 She has been collecting photos for our system Solar system for more than forty years 20 00:01:31,564 --> 00:01:38,887 These close-ups told us What we know about our closest relatives 21 00:01:39,087 --> 00:01:41,836 If you are a scientist on the planet, you have to go there 22 00:01:42,036 --> 00:01:46,340 To clarify things in detail You will make great discoveries 23 00:01:46,540 --> 00:01:51,925 But the image was an escape From the eyes of our machinery 24 00:01:52,125 --> 00:01:54,887 Planet Pluto Pluto 25 00:01:55,087 --> 00:01:57,353 Pluto kept our planets away 26 00:01:57,553 --> 00:02:04,253 Even modern astronomers have discovered many Other snowy bodies that orbit alongside Pluto 27 00:02:04,453 --> 00:02:08,991 In 2006, Pluto's weak position was downgraded 28 00:02:09,081 --> 00:02:12,277 Pluto is small, smaller than our moon 29 00:02:12,477 --> 00:02:15,976 It's very far away, almost three billion miles 30 00:02:16,176 --> 00:02:20,495 So you didn't get any better Approaching just like a weak point 31 00:02:21,272 --> 00:02:25,134 The best of our photos for Pluto Hubble Space Telescope 32 00:02:25,334 --> 00:02:29,448 The Hubble Space Telescope cannot Just getting twenty pixels around Pluto 33 00:02:29,648 --> 00:02:31,975 We know there are light and dark spots 34 00:02:32,175 --> 00:02:35,267 We didn't know what it was, and it wasn't a clear picture 35 00:02:35,467 --> 00:02:41,562 This confusing image is everything We have to know what Pluto is 36 00:02:41,762 --> 00:02:45,849 We know about nitrogen ice, we know With a moon, we know there are other things 37 00:02:46,049 --> 00:02:50,720 But we still have to go There's because it's so far away 38 00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:53,293 Three billion miles or more 39 00:02:53,493 --> 00:02:56,413 We need to go there to understand this 40 00:02:57,203 --> 00:02:59,545 ,Summer 2015 41 00:02:59,745 --> 00:03:03,395 NASA probe "New Horizons" flew close to Pluto 42 00:03:03,595 --> 00:03:05,922 To complete a nine-year journey from Earth 43 00:03:06,122 --> 00:03:12,857 He records his first photos nearby The absolute of the worlds is obscured 44 00:03:13,057 --> 00:03:18,597 Many scientists hoped to find In a flat and inert world like our moon 45 00:03:20,043 --> 00:03:25,887 But the images showed an incredibly diverse world 46 00:03:26,087 --> 00:03:31,449 High mountains and large glaciers And extended plains without volcanic craters 47 00:03:31,649 --> 00:03:35,237 All of which refer to recent geological activity 48 00:03:35,437 --> 00:03:38,940 Pluto appeared active 49 00:03:39,254 --> 00:03:42,796 When we first saw high-definition images 50 00:03:42,996 --> 00:03:47,436 What showed tall and complex Pluto 51 00:03:47,636 --> 00:03:52,185 It was an incredibly emotional feeling For all of us on the Task Force 52 00:03:52,382 --> 00:03:56,583 We received this photo that showed a huge mountain 53 00:03:56,783 --> 00:04:03,346 Strange mountains and flat plains without No volcanic noise in this image 54 00:04:03,546 --> 00:04:06,346 It was an active modern geological area 55 00:04:08,291 --> 00:04:14,801 Some characteristics are revealed by a vehicle New Horizons "contradicts simple interpretations" 56 00:04:15,001 --> 00:04:20,619 One of the amazed mountains Pluto's vast surface 57 00:04:20,819 --> 00:04:23,339 Above is a deep low 58 00:04:23,601 --> 00:04:27,456 These mountains look like small volcanoes 59 00:04:27,457 --> 00:04:34,643 But how can it be possible on a surface A planet made mostly of snow 60 00:04:34,644 --> 00:04:37,853 If you saw a prank on her The Earth will say this is a volcano 61 00:04:38,053 --> 00:04:39,830 If you saw it on Mars, you would say that it is a volcano 62 00:04:40,030 --> 00:04:47,300 But Pluto is surprised, there is nothing Volcanoes are bringing Pluto to our attention 63 00:04:47,301 --> 00:04:49,693 What are these things? 64 00:04:50,715 --> 00:04:53,703 The mysterious mountains on Pluto are huge 65 00:04:53,903 --> 00:04:57,687 Its width is over 100 miles and rises to three miles 66 00:04:57,887 --> 00:05:01,660 To accommodate these complex terrains 67 00:05:01,860 --> 00:05:05,629 Scientists look at similar terrain here on Earth 68 00:05:05,829 --> 00:05:12,079 Planetary geologists like Jenny Radebag "Calls Her Shield from the Volcanoes" 69 00:05:12,303 --> 00:05:18,876 This volcano we mean The wide shield is called island�s 70 00:05:19,076 --> 00:05:24,538 But it's called volcanic A shield we're about to slap 71 00:05:25,216 --> 00:05:31,105 Volcanoes are formed Long lava revolutions underway 72 00:05:31,305 --> 00:05:35,880 It is said to represent a shield shape Warrior lying on the floor 73 00:05:36,743 --> 00:05:40,049 This volcano erupted just nine thousand years ago 74 00:05:40,693 --> 00:05:46,107 We can see a big beak here and some It is quite similar to typical pyramidal volcanoes 75 00:05:46,307 --> 00:05:49,142 It's very deep here, deeper than I expected 76 00:05:49,342 --> 00:05:53,557 This is a fairly modern volcano, so The crater can be clearly seen 77 00:05:53,757 --> 00:05:58,159 We can see some nozzles in the Pluto's volcanoes are clearly protected 78 00:05:58,359 --> 00:06:02,503 That's why we thought it could be a bloody volcanic eruption 79 00:06:02,703 --> 00:06:06,375 They are wide and don't have craters like this 80 00:06:07,669 --> 00:06:11,783 It's normal to see volcanoes Dir'iya on other planets 81 00:06:11,983 --> 00:06:16,110 Mars is often made up of rocks 82 00:06:16,392 --> 00:06:20,245 "And its enormous mooring", Mount Olympus 83 00:06:20,445 --> 00:06:26,244 Consisting of massive revolutions of lava There are millions of millions of years 84 00:06:26,849 --> 00:06:30,744 But lava is dissolved rocks, and that's a problem 85 00:06:30,944 --> 00:06:36,914 Because Pluto is very small and far away Too much about the sun until it melts anything 86 00:06:37,114 --> 00:06:43,785 If its general characteristics are volcanic, it must They consist of something other than lava 87 00:06:45,074 --> 00:06:49,341 "Jenny Radabag" believes that color The mysterious heights of Pluto 88 00:06:49,474 --> 00:06:51,294 Showing conclusive evidence 89 00:06:51,299 --> 00:06:54,593 The type of revolutions that are made That form of volcanoes 90 00:06:54,793 --> 00:06:59,541 Hundreds of thousands of revolutions over time 91 00:06:59,741 --> 00:07:03,179 It erupted with cracks and ran across the surface. 92 00:07:03,379 --> 00:07:05,132 And accumulated from each other 93 00:07:05,332 --> 00:07:09,412 And continued in force to adopt Broad coverage over time 94 00:07:09,612 --> 00:07:10,818 The same happened with Pluto 95 00:07:11,590 --> 00:07:14,527 But the lava that revolts Pluto doesn't look like this 96 00:07:14,727 --> 00:07:17,948 It is not dark in color and is not basalt 97 00:07:18,148 --> 00:07:20,905 Consists of water ice 98 00:07:21,105 --> 00:07:27,661 Unlike Earth, Pluto has a surface of nitrogen Ice cream above the bottom layer of the rock 99 00:07:27,861 --> 00:07:30,552 And a sheet of solid ice 100 00:07:30,752 --> 00:07:38,305 But every now and then some ice water dissolves To be explosive streams of liquid solution 101 00:07:38,505 --> 00:07:44,513 To play on the surface of Pluto as you do Hot stone lava on the ground 102 00:07:44,713 --> 00:07:50,431 Hot mud quickly freezes The surface is enlarged to be broad snow shields 103 00:07:50,631 --> 00:07:54,845 How Rock Shields on Earth and Mars 104 00:07:55,045 --> 00:07:58,880 If the melt water under the surface Some things, some energy 105 00:07:58,880 --> 00:08:03,073 Explodes across the surface and flows Like lava does here on earth 106 00:08:03,273 --> 00:08:07,885 Instead of volcanoes like here, there are icebergs 107 00:08:07,885 --> 00:08:10,684 Cold volcanoes on distant objects 108 00:08:10,884 --> 00:08:15,188 We have a narrow view of the universe in our belief Everything happens there, as it happens here 109 00:08:15,388 --> 00:08:21,815 The volcanoes here on the ground are hot But Pluto is cool and not hot 110 00:08:23,874 --> 00:08:31,325 Perhaps the most surprising thing about Pluto's volcanoes It is free from collision nozzles 111 00:08:31,525 --> 00:08:37,064 Which means warm mud may have sprouted from them recently 112 00:08:37,264 --> 00:08:39,562 These features are modern 113 00:08:39,762 --> 00:08:46,163 Pluto active today, there was no Enough time to bombard Pluto's meteorites 114 00:08:46,363 --> 00:08:48,996 To collect a set of nozzles on the surface 115 00:08:49,196 --> 00:08:53,396 Pluto active today, this is the news 116 00:08:53,596 --> 00:08:57,934 Possibility of active volcanoes Pluto surprises scientists 117 00:08:57,934 --> 00:09:04,085 But they were surprised when they showed up Closeup images of Flat Pluto parts 118 00:09:04,285 --> 00:09:11,596 Because it's a snowy bathtub The size of "Texas" seems to boil 119 00:09:23,518 --> 00:09:28,012 Our solar system bears the effects of the violent past 120 00:09:28,212 --> 00:09:34,361 Bench Craters Rocky planets and moons like our moon 121 00:09:34,561 --> 00:09:40,779 But these epic monuments have been removed Earth by lava, water and wind 122 00:09:41,693 --> 00:09:45,545 If you look at the moon every now and then A thousand years won't look any different 123 00:09:45,745 --> 00:09:48,895 But look at the Earth now, and an hour later 124 00:09:49,095 --> 00:09:53,249 We have climate, we have volcanoes Our lakes appear and disappear 125 00:09:53,449 --> 00:09:56,703 Sea level rise Goes down for thousands and millions of years 126 00:09:56,903 --> 00:10:03,635 All this geological activity We say that the earth is a living world 127 00:10:03,835 --> 00:10:07,488 Scientists expected Pluto to be full of nozzles 128 00:10:07,688 --> 00:10:11,175 A world that is geologically inert like our moon 129 00:10:11,375 --> 00:10:15,474 But when New Horizons passed in 2015 130 00:10:15,674 --> 00:10:23,561 Showed a snowy heart-shaped facility Looks younger than the rest of the planet 131 00:10:23,761 --> 00:10:31,486 And the western part of that easy, basin Sputnik "was completely free of nozzles" 132 00:10:31,686 --> 00:10:34,180 Of all the things that We saw this in the following photos 133 00:10:34,380 --> 00:10:41,362 The heart, the basin of Sputnik was the most We are amazed, amazed and intrigued 134 00:10:41,562 --> 00:10:47,570 "The broad and shallow surface of Spatnik" Opens a window on Pluto's unexpected activity 135 00:10:47,770 --> 00:10:51,977 Because it's a lot like an act Glaciers are here on Earth 136 00:10:52,177 --> 00:10:55,445 There is no visible nozzle on the surface 137 00:10:55,645 --> 00:10:59,830 ,Which immediately tells us that they are modern Some of which are estimated to be 10 million years old 138 00:11:00,030 --> 00:11:04,089 How this thing moved and changed 139 00:11:04,289 --> 00:11:06,615 This is a very modern geological concept 140 00:11:06,815 --> 00:11:10,941 There must be something active that makes this surface 141 00:11:11,141 --> 00:11:12,887 To be so flat 142 00:11:15,652 --> 00:11:21,534 One thing is to polish the surface of the Sputnik basin regularly 143 00:11:21,734 --> 00:11:23,103 But what? 144 00:11:23,303 --> 00:11:29,031 Scientists rule out previous volcanoes What makes mountains without plains 145 00:11:30,429 --> 00:11:32,118 What could it be? 146 00:11:32,318 --> 00:11:40,397 The first guide comes from a hidden dark line It looks like it feeds the edge of the northern plain 147 00:11:40,597 --> 00:11:44,937 These sinuous features resemble icebergs 148 00:11:44,937 --> 00:11:49,163 That flow from the rivers Glacial mountain here on earth 149 00:11:50,833 --> 00:11:55,549 See the glacier here Huge crosses the valley 150 00:11:55,749 --> 00:11:57,919 It's poured into a lake of ice 151 00:11:58,119 --> 00:12:03,004 One of the first things we noticed when we saw "Images close to" New Horizons 152 00:12:03,204 --> 00:12:09,855 It is not the vast plain of ice Flat surface, but a net feeding the ice 153 00:12:10,055 --> 00:12:15,735 Like these icy valleys Flowing into a larger continental glacier 154 00:12:17,595 --> 00:12:23,962 Snow must be formed in Pluto Heights "And then it flows into the Sputnik basin 155 00:12:24,162 --> 00:12:28,093 How to flow downstream of High mountains here on earth 156 00:12:28,293 --> 00:12:32,099 But on Pluto, it's cold To allow the flow of water from the snow 157 00:12:32,299 --> 00:12:39,022 The banks that feed the basin must Sputnik "is filled with a different kind of snow" 158 00:12:39,222 --> 00:12:41,685 Ice must consist of elements such as nitrogen 159 00:12:41,885 --> 00:12:45,645 Nitrogen fills most of our coverage, gas here 160 00:12:45,845 --> 00:12:48,714 But it freezes in that cold and turns to snow 161 00:12:48,914 --> 00:12:51,080 Nitrogen Glyde 162 00:12:51,918 --> 00:12:56,589 I have nitrogen snow Toothpaste Strength with Pluto 163 00:12:56,589 --> 00:13:00,342 Flows through the mountains Which consists of water ice 164 00:13:00,542 --> 00:13:04,294 The rivers of ice are flowing, and above that There are no craters above, it is active 165 00:13:04,294 --> 00:13:06,969 It is modern and flows today 166 00:13:09,195 --> 00:13:14,958 We now believe that the "Sputnik" basin It's full of frozen nitrogen 167 00:13:14,958 --> 00:13:17,589 And fed by northern mountain glaciers 168 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:24,509 This is a constant flow of nitrogen Explains why the basin boundaries are smooth 169 00:13:25,366 --> 00:13:30,437 But what about the areas that fall Far from the ice flow? 170 00:13:30,949 --> 00:13:35,612 Something else must be erased Bathtub middle nozzles 171 00:13:37,092 --> 00:13:42,509 Think "Jenny Radabag" in this style " Stranger on the surface of the Sputnik basin 172 00:13:42,709 --> 00:13:45,010 Takes Surprising Probability 173 00:13:45,210 --> 00:13:48,752 Pluto's surface may be boiling 174 00:13:48,952 --> 00:13:54,294 Welcome to the Sputnik basin, I mean This is what you see if you were on the surface of Pluto 175 00:13:54,494 --> 00:14:00,433 You see deep ice behind us White ice stretches for a great distance 176 00:14:00,633 --> 00:14:03,249 Behind us is a ring of mountains 177 00:14:03,449 --> 00:14:05,742 " When we searched for the surface of the Sputnik basin 178 00:14:05,742 --> 00:14:09,024 We see cells of equal distance 179 00:14:09,224 --> 00:14:12,692 Round in the middle and spiked on the sides 180 00:14:12,892 --> 00:14:18,232 It has the appearance of something consisting of convection 181 00:14:18,432 --> 00:14:22,988 If you look for some oatmeal, it boils 182 00:14:23,188 --> 00:14:27,561 It brings the article to the summit Then pull it back to the sides 183 00:14:27,761 --> 00:14:29,165 Heat is distributed repeatedly 184 00:14:30,656 --> 00:14:36,679 "Nitrogen Snow in the Sputnik Basin" Can be cooked like a can of oatmeal 185 00:14:36,879 --> 00:14:41,938 But it seems so slow The boiled surface is frozen at any time 186 00:14:42,138 --> 00:14:49,302 A similar but faster process is created Decode in the most active lava on Earth 187 00:14:49,502 --> 00:14:55,011 Bubbles rise from the lava to be Circular cells on the surface 188 00:14:55,211 --> 00:15:02,377 Cold lava flows into the gaps Which are made by hot bubbles from dissolved rocks 189 00:15:02,577 --> 00:15:05,002 " When we searched for the surface of the Sputnik basin 190 00:15:05,202 --> 00:15:08,479 We see a slow lake 191 00:15:08,679 --> 00:15:13,319 We see the material rise and move Falls again when it gets cold 192 00:15:13,519 --> 00:15:17,830 It can be seen if we speed up for several thousand years 193 00:15:18,030 --> 00:15:22,926 We will see every cell on every surface produce and boil 194 00:15:23,126 --> 00:15:26,017 To transport nitrogen thermally 195 00:15:26,217 --> 00:15:30,754 You must withdraw and realize how wonderful and strange it is. 196 00:15:30,954 --> 00:15:34,352 Heat that hovers around 400 degrees below zero 197 00:15:34,552 --> 00:15:39,085 The material is in motion and in motion, there is geological movement 198 00:15:39,285 --> 00:15:44,739 And remember to make something cold as snow Nitrogen flow does not require much energy 199 00:15:45,449 --> 00:15:51,358 But it needs energy Pluto reveals his wonderful heart to us 200 00:15:51,558 --> 00:15:57,204 There must be a heart Hotter beats beneath the surface 201 00:15:57,404 --> 00:16:03,666 But here on the frozen stretch For outer space, the question remains 202 00:16:03,866 --> 00:16:07,091 What is the source of the heat? 203 00:16:18,714 --> 00:16:23,632 In 2015, a vehicle was stunned New Horizons "important scientists" 204 00:16:23,832 --> 00:16:28,405 When Pluto appeared as an active living world 205 00:16:28,605 --> 00:16:38,493 , Icebergs, mountain ranges and potential volcanoes Signals of geological activity traded by heat 206 00:16:38,693 --> 00:16:42,486 But scientists are puzzled by the source of this heat 207 00:16:42,686 --> 00:16:50,026 Pluto is small to avoid heat Its violent composition is more than four billion years old 208 00:16:50,226 --> 00:16:59,195 And away from the sun, so that the light that The warming of our planet's surface hardly affects Pluto 209 00:16:59,395 --> 00:17:01,825 It's about 20 minutes before dawn 210 00:17:02,025 --> 00:17:10,884 The light we see is light What we see on Pluto's surface in the afternoon 211 00:17:11,084 --> 00:17:14,646 Where the amount of sunlight On the roof at most 212 00:17:15,205 --> 00:17:18,091 And because Pluto receives little sunlight 213 00:17:18,291 --> 00:17:25,562 Its surface is too cold for four hundred Fahrenheit degrees below zero 214 00:17:26,356 --> 00:17:31,567 This small world is very far from The sun receives little light 215 00:17:31,767 --> 00:17:35,212 We never dreamed he would be an active scientist 216 00:17:40,335 --> 00:17:45,640 If heat is not sold Geographical plan of Pluto from sunlight 217 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:48,170 It must come from the bottom 218 00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:50,216 But where? 219 00:17:50,416 --> 00:17:57,771 I better think I have the circumference of Pluto Depth of liquid water below the surface 220 00:17:57,971 --> 00:18:04,378 And somehow this ocean is commercialized Heat to the surface 221 00:18:06,811 --> 00:18:13,999 There is physical evidence that Pluto has A huge ocean inside 222 00:18:14,199 --> 00:18:19,886 When the planet goes back through time, the water is frozen 223 00:18:20,086 --> 00:18:25,681 When water freezes, it forms From the energy called latent heat 224 00:18:25,881 --> 00:18:35,101 And this energy from the frozen ocean You can buy a lot of Pluto's activity 225 00:18:37,893 --> 00:18:41,487 Can ice water warm the planet? 226 00:18:41,687 --> 00:18:48,030 It seems crazy, but it shows "Jenny Radabag "what a peculiar physical feature 227 00:18:48,230 --> 00:18:52,694 Using a snowy basin representing Frozen Pluto crust 228 00:18:53,501 --> 00:18:59,615 A glass of water represents Pluto's hidden eye circuit 229 00:19:02,279 --> 00:19:06,628 Firstly, the basin works Snow to reduce water temperature 230 00:19:08,131 --> 00:19:15,121 But once the water freezes, you will The heat inside the cup is incredible 231 00:19:15,321 --> 00:19:16,186 Get up 232 00:19:16,386 --> 00:19:22,532 There are thirty, it's ready to freeze, I'll come With a little help to see we can start 233 00:19:22,732 --> 00:19:27,239 We started, a light movement, huh 234 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:37,784 It is completely frozen and rises Heat quickly,jump eight degrees 235 00:19:37,784 --> 00:19:44,332 Look, she was thirty years old and arrived Suddenly stops at 38 after freezing in seconds 236 00:19:44,532 --> 00:19:50,403 It may seem like the opposite of the obvious, however The ice-cold water releases energy alongside 237 00:19:50,603 --> 00:19:54,200 All kinetic energy, movement Water molecules in liquid state 238 00:19:54,400 --> 00:20:00,517 They must be administered to water molecules that Enter the crystalline action structure 239 00:20:00,717 --> 00:20:04,700 This releases energy called the inherent heat of fusion 240 00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:09,763 They can heat up the neighborhood When water freezes into snow 241 00:20:09,963 --> 00:20:18,980 So, scientists believe that the latent heat in The inner ocean may drive the volcanoes on Pluto 242 00:20:19,180 --> 00:20:26,430 The upper layers of the internal ocean freeze whenever The liquid water corresponds to the hardened snow at the top 243 00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,064 The freezing process releases latent heat 244 00:20:30,264 --> 00:20:36,482 Move through layers of pluto Geological market activity on the surface 245 00:20:36,682 --> 00:20:40,838 The heat generated by the freezing process is low 246 00:20:41,038 --> 00:20:45,317 But there's a whole layer of ocean What freezes the ice crust 247 00:20:45,317 --> 00:20:47,296 Reduces the amount of heat 248 00:20:47,496 --> 00:20:54,922 Snow volcanoes can evoke heat Freezing in some parts of the surrounding liquid water 249 00:20:55,122 --> 00:20:57,088 This is incredible 250 00:20:58,223 --> 00:21:02,831 Surprisingly lower degrees of The heat that drips from Pluto's perimeter 251 00:21:03,031 --> 00:21:07,261 Enough to commercialize Pluto's moving surface 252 00:21:07,461 --> 00:21:11,576 To form mountain ranges and cause volcanoes 253 00:21:11,580 --> 00:21:17,296 And formation of rivers of frozen nitrogen Navigating the snow-covered slopes 254 00:21:17,496 --> 00:21:18,877 We humans are alone 255 00:21:19,077 --> 00:21:20,174 We live on a hot planet 256 00:21:20,374 --> 00:21:22,226 If we landed underground a few miles 257 00:21:22,426 --> 00:21:26,031 The rocks are melted, they are very delicious 258 00:21:26,231 --> 00:21:28,821 We believe that a large amount of energy is required 259 00:21:28,990 --> 00:21:32,896 To trade volcanoes and hot springs The movement of tectonic plates and all that 260 00:21:33,096 --> 00:21:34,288 But not so 261 00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:37,573 Rocks only need a lot of energy to melt 262 00:21:37,773 --> 00:21:40,356 Snow doesn't need a lot of energy 263 00:21:40,556 --> 00:21:47,772 In any case, Pluto could Warm up a little and melt the snow from the water 264 00:21:47,972 --> 00:21:53,404 Can do the same geological activity Surface that occurs here on Earth 265 00:21:54,171 --> 00:22:00,004 What we expect our galaxy to be like Snowy worlds like Pluto 266 00:22:00,204 --> 00:22:04,353 The universe must also contain Lots of amazing things 267 00:22:04,553 --> 00:22:10,570 Perhaps most worlds are in Galaxies are cold worlds 268 00:22:10,770 --> 00:22:16,493 Probably most of the volcanoes in the galaxy are Snowy volcanoes like the ones we see on Pluto 269 00:22:16,693 --> 00:22:22,018 Pluto changes the path Our thoughts on rocky planets 270 00:22:22,218 --> 00:22:26,266 He is active in some way where he shouldn't be 271 00:22:31,611 --> 00:22:38,613 Our "New Horizons" art that Pluto has heat and liquid water 272 00:22:38,813 --> 00:22:43,762 This simple reality increases the likelihood of surprising 273 00:22:45,271 --> 00:22:49,981 Pluto may have a small stable in A distance of three billion miles from the sun 274 00:22:50,181 --> 00:22:54,844 Provide a hidden sanctuary for life? 275 00:23:10,947 --> 00:23:16,525 In the vast universe, we only know A planet inhabits life 276 00:23:16,725 --> 00:23:20,293 Our planet,,,Earth 277 00:23:20,493 --> 00:23:26,634 We have all the necessary ingredients on the ground For life to come, there is no doubt that we exist 278 00:23:26,834 --> 00:23:30,015 But these three things ,,,basically,,,energy sources 279 00:23:30,215 --> 00:23:32,417 ,,,and liquid water 280 00:23:32,617 --> 00:23:37,844 Organic molecules, carbon-based molecules 281 00:23:38,044 --> 00:23:42,861 We always think that the Earth alone It has three components 282 00:23:43,061 --> 00:23:46,876 But when she did the probes Buyer Visit Mechanism and Saturn 283 00:23:47,076 --> 00:23:53,939 Several active moons have been found in the oceans Underground, heated by a hot volcanic eruption 284 00:23:54,139 --> 00:24:00,132 These worlds seem to be submerged With basic chemical components of life 285 00:24:00,332 --> 00:24:08,307 If we consider Jupiter's moon "Europa" and Moon Saturn "Enceladus" are potential life attendants 286 00:24:08,507 --> 00:24:14,026 Pluto's internal oceans are not 287 00:24:14,226 --> 00:24:18,547 We believe there is liquid water Probable source of heat 288 00:24:18,747 --> 00:24:21,290 You have the third component 289 00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:27,495 If there is, it's strange to ask About the possibility of life on Pluto? 290 00:24:29,310 --> 00:24:31,869 The third component is the organic chemical composition 291 00:24:32,069 --> 00:24:36,545 Carbon-based molecules What builds the mechanism of life 292 00:24:36,745 --> 00:24:40,908 Surprisingly, astronomers believe that These complex chemicals 293 00:24:41,108 --> 00:24:45,327 It can automatically consist of the coldest space 294 00:24:45,527 --> 00:24:50,509 You just need simple built-in gases In carbon and an energy source 295 00:24:50,709 --> 00:24:51,994 Light generally 296 00:24:52,947 --> 00:24:57,788 The most active natural laboratory we know of for this The type of organic chemistry 297 00:24:57,957 --> 00:25:03,243 It's Saturn's enormous lunar cap, Titan. 298 00:25:03,443 --> 00:25:07,308 When you see Titan, please Its cover is thicker, thicker than the surface of the Earth 299 00:25:07,508 --> 00:25:13,385 It is surrounded by a fog, which is composed Mainly from organic molecules 300 00:25:13,585 --> 00:25:18,040 Which consists of basic vehicles Further, it is damaged by the light above the psychic 301 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:23,390 That accumulated to form those More complex organic compounds 302 00:25:23,590 --> 00:25:30,887 ,Thickens Titan casing with simple gases Methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia 303 00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:34,277 And when the sunlight Beat the top Titan 304 00:25:34,477 --> 00:25:39,666 These gases must be Complicated organic compounds 305 00:25:39,866 --> 00:25:44,280 That relate to the atmosphere To be dense layers of fog 306 00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:50,723 Scientists call these molecules The organic association consists of phonons 307 00:25:50,923 --> 00:25:57,770 It is a generic term, which includes any A complex organic red molecule 308 00:25:57,770 --> 00:26:03,573 Who grew from the separation and reintroduction Collect simplest elementary molecules 309 00:26:03,773 --> 00:26:10,625 These organic particles, the arts Imagine how lego building units of life 310 00:26:11,399 --> 00:26:16,067 On the floor, chemicals Like phonemes, they make up the cellular mechanism 311 00:26:16,234 --> 00:26:19,698 DNA and proteins That live in the cell 312 00:26:21,033 --> 00:26:25,493 If Pluto had a carbon-rich cape like Titan 313 00:26:25,693 --> 00:26:31,076 Do they produce phonons and therefore have a chance to live? 314 00:26:32,739 --> 00:26:35,923 When New Horizons passed Pluto in 2015 315 00:26:36,123 --> 00:26:41,918 The vehicle returned for a background photograph The dwarf planet in front of the sun 316 00:26:42,118 --> 00:26:48,160 Scientists hope to obtain proof From organic chemicals 317 00:26:49,174 --> 00:26:53,972 The results were more surprising than I expected 318 00:26:54,172 --> 00:27:00,463 We saw the case lining, blue ring Nice nitrogen circulates on Pluto 319 00:27:00,663 --> 00:27:03,628 Like what we see on Earth 320 00:27:03,828 --> 00:27:08,225 Blue blur layers Light is our chemical plants 321 00:27:08,225 --> 00:27:13,911 Phonons are made of organic molecules composed Of the simplest building units in Pluto's box 322 00:27:14,111 --> 00:27:18,441 Carbon monoxide and methane Nitrogen is found in Pluto's box 323 00:27:18,641 --> 00:27:22,851 Separated by sunlight and restored Paste them into these layers 324 00:27:23,051 --> 00:27:28,115 These are delicious organic molecules 325 00:27:29,660 --> 00:27:35,799 In Titan, the newly formed phonemes The moon's atmosphere lights up 326 00:27:35,999 --> 00:27:41,290 To produce an orange structure layer Of sticky organic material 327 00:27:41,290 --> 00:27:44,749 Scientists hope to see it happen Something similar on Pluto 328 00:27:44,949 --> 00:27:52,797 "But they are waiting to send" New Horizons The first color images of the dwarf planet 329 00:27:52,997 --> 00:27:56,967 We received many photos of Pluto in white It's black, but I'm looking forward to seeing images in color. 330 00:27:57,167 --> 00:28:04,104 When I finally arrived, I saw these features The rich orange-red structure on the surface 331 00:28:04,304 --> 00:28:07,943 It was my first impression Organic chemistry surprise 332 00:28:08,143 --> 00:28:12,177 There are spots that appear red or even pink 333 00:28:12,377 --> 00:28:15,996 And when you see this color, do you think In organic matter immediately 334 00:28:16,196 --> 00:28:18,420 In fact,� 335 00:28:18,620 --> 00:28:19,797 Pink organic materials 336 00:28:21,939 --> 00:28:25,396 The life we know is not They can be found on the surface of Pluto 337 00:28:25,596 --> 00:28:27,412 It's very cold 338 00:28:27,612 --> 00:28:31,411 But if it was reused Phonons in the intestines of the planet 339 00:28:31,611 --> 00:28:35,565 They can be transported to melting areas 340 00:28:35,765 --> 00:28:38,963 It is liquid water and potentially 341 00:28:39,163 --> 00:28:44,197 The chemical evolution of these molecules Simple opt-in can continue there 342 00:28:44,397 --> 00:28:47,649 It is traded by the weak heat of Pluto 343 00:28:47,849 --> 00:28:52,885 And maybe,,,The Mechanism of Simple Lifework 344 00:28:53,085 --> 00:29:02,617 In the esoteric oceans of Pluto, as it happened In Earth's oceans for four billion years 345 00:29:02,817 --> 00:29:12,702 I am captivated by the possibilities of expanding the circle of life around Our sun is much further away than we dream 346 00:29:12,902 --> 00:29:16,361 Life can exist On Pluto or under its surface? 347 00:29:16,361 --> 00:29:17,787 I'm not trading it at the moment 348 00:29:17,987 --> 00:29:19,838 It's an interesting perspective 349 00:29:20,038 --> 00:29:21,902 Can there be life on Pluto? 350 00:29:22,102 --> 00:29:25,940 I don't think so, that's my personal opinion 351 00:29:26,140 --> 00:29:30,811 They can have flour, butter, eggs and chips The chocolates are mixed and placed in the oven 352 00:29:30,811 --> 00:29:35,107 You won't get a cake, but a paste Sticky, or a rotten-tasting mixture 353 00:29:37,014 --> 00:29:42,299 While scientists argue the surprising probability For life at a distance of three billion miles from the sun 354 00:29:42,499 --> 00:29:48,766 "Managed" New Horizons Your attention to Pluto's small satellites 355 00:29:48,966 --> 00:29:54,887 The mission scientists know this Pluto has five worlds to keep track of 356 00:29:55,087 --> 00:30:01,805 But no one expected how strange these satellites were 357 00:30:12,201 --> 00:30:14,672 When New Horizons arrived at Pluto 358 00:30:14,872 --> 00:30:20,493 Scientists anxiously blocked their breaths To learn the shape of Pluto's moons 359 00:30:20,693 --> 00:30:30,351 We don't know anything about it, what will we know about it The satellites will be the first time and it will be a surprise 360 00:30:31,958 --> 00:30:35,056 Before New Horizons reached Pluto three years ago 361 00:30:35,256 --> 00:30:39,850 The Hubble Telescope filmed Five moons around the dwarf planet 362 00:30:40,050 --> 00:30:47,019 One of them, a giant moon called Sharon And four much smaller snowmen 363 00:30:47,219 --> 00:30:51,554 New Horizons has been reprogrammed to study these worlds 364 00:30:51,754 --> 00:30:57,551 And discovering additional satellites can be Too small to be monitored by Hubble 365 00:30:57,751 --> 00:31:02,591 Before the vehicle passes, we investigate People about the number of additional satellites we will find 366 00:31:02,791 --> 00:31:08,611 Some guessed dozens, others guessed more 367 00:31:08,811 --> 00:31:14,183 And guessed one of the most prominent members Our team had no additional moons 368 00:31:14,383 --> 00:31:19,218 I remember going to him and saying He told me I bet you at dinner 369 00:31:19,218 --> 00:31:23,851 "Anywhere in the United States" We will find at least one extra 370 00:31:24,051 --> 00:31:25,895 Stern lost his bet 371 00:31:26,095 --> 00:31:30,697 New Horizons confirmed that Hubble saw everything 372 00:31:30,897 --> 00:31:36,155 But for the grandeur of the worlds of Pluto's five moons 373 00:31:36,670 --> 00:31:45,108 Sharon appeared giant on the side Sticks, Knicks, Cerberus and Hydra 374 00:31:45,308 --> 00:31:49,220 Four small moons are less than 25 miles across 375 00:31:49,420 --> 00:31:54,754 It was different from the satellites seen by astronomers before 376 00:31:54,954 --> 00:31:59,257 These objects were going faster than we expected 377 00:31:59,457 --> 00:32:04,664 Furthermore, its poles and polar poles follow 378 00:32:04,864 --> 00:32:07,560 And turn on your sides like this 379 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:12,354 This crazy behavior we didn't expect 380 00:32:12,554 --> 00:32:19,458 To understand these crazy orbits, he found Scientists are evidence of the early history of the earth 381 00:32:19,658 --> 00:32:22,145 In the initial formation of the Kaieber belt 382 00:32:22,345 --> 00:32:24,475 These objects collided The snow is very close 383 00:32:24,675 --> 00:32:31,251 How it happened here on Earth when it collided An asteroid the size of Mars 384 00:32:31,251 --> 00:32:32,773 To be our lunar earth system 385 00:32:32,973 --> 00:32:35,573 Maybe it also happened with Pluto 386 00:32:35,773 --> 00:32:40,029 Maybe a huge collision with Pluto in your lifetime 387 00:32:40,229 --> 00:32:43,990 The moons from this massive collision 388 00:32:44,190 --> 00:32:49,627 Sharon settled into orbit near Pluto 389 00:32:49,827 --> 00:32:54,779 And four more satellites Small spins around the two bodies 390 00:32:54,979 --> 00:32:58,594 Small fragments of snowy fragments 391 00:33:00,572 --> 00:33:06,306 Sharon's first giant photo A gray world seems dead 392 00:33:06,506 --> 00:33:09,497 He learned the scars of his violent past 393 00:33:09,697 --> 00:33:14,994 The biggest scar,,,giant,it seems He splits the moon in half 394 00:33:15,863 --> 00:33:18,622 Sharon is messed up 395 00:33:18,822 --> 00:33:23,875 The first thing that comes to my mind when I saw this high definition image 396 00:33:24,075 --> 00:33:30,483 "Frankenstein" moon, looks like a moon A man broke it with a hammer and chisel 397 00:33:30,683 --> 00:33:32,824 So he joined 398 00:33:34,709 --> 00:33:40,070 But what has the power to break A moon the size of Texas like Sharon? 399 00:33:40,270 --> 00:33:43,600 In the frozen and frozen Bekaa From the outer solar system 400 00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:47,762 Scientists have just one choice: water 401 00:33:47,962 --> 00:33:54,678 Four billion years ago, it may have been for Sharon An internal fluid environment like Pluto today 402 00:33:54,878 --> 00:34:01,885 But because Sharon is so much smaller, he is cold Faster, turning the entire ocean to snow 403 00:34:02,085 --> 00:34:05,324 Poor Sharon exploded 404 00:34:05,524 --> 00:34:09,796 If I took a plate of soda and put it in the freezer 405 00:34:09,996 --> 00:34:15,691 When water is frozen with soda It expands without sheet metal 406 00:34:15,873 --> 00:34:22,277 You are exposed to more and more Press until it tears and opens 407 00:34:22,436 --> 00:34:23,769 The material is lost 408 00:34:23,969 --> 00:34:27,771 This voucher system And cracks through Sharon 409 00:34:27,971 --> 00:34:31,605 Represents the latest blow to geological activity 410 00:34:31,805 --> 00:34:39,940 Like he put his guts out there when he was freezing Internally, and on the way to becoming a dead world 411 00:34:39,999 --> 00:34:42,286 Sharon's final challenge was to be told 412 00:34:44,354 --> 00:34:49,045 Sharon's red fleece He caught the attention of missionary scientists 413 00:34:49,245 --> 00:34:51,406 They call it the mordor point 414 00:34:54,783 --> 00:35:01,472 And that hot red dot The team posed a great challenge 415 00:35:01,672 --> 00:35:04,371 Of all the amazing things ,,,on Sharon,and the list goes on 416 00:35:04,571 --> 00:35:09,194 Maybe the subject was a bit of a mordor, I loved it 417 00:35:09,363 --> 00:35:13,874 This is the Sharon Pole Zone North, which is red for some reason 418 00:35:14,074 --> 00:35:18,767 ,It is covered with red material We think it is probably a phoneme 419 00:35:18,967 --> 00:35:21,981 It is a complex organic molecule 420 00:35:22,576 --> 00:35:27,021 Mordor appears to be covered in phonons, but how? 421 00:35:27,221 --> 00:35:33,892 This world is not frozen ingredients Or shell to create complex organic molecules 422 00:35:34,092 --> 00:35:40,205 The headphones must have come Sharon is ready, but from where? 423 00:35:41,787 --> 00:35:44,618 Pluto's only logical answer 424 00:35:44,818 --> 00:35:47,689 At a distance of about ten thousand miles 425 00:35:47,889 --> 00:35:52,416 How does Pluto consist And ends with Sharon? 426 00:35:52,416 --> 00:35:54,478 No one is sure 427 00:35:54,678 --> 00:35:58,461 But the thought will be this article I got to Pluto's cape somehow 428 00:35:58,661 --> 00:36:04,047 And moved into space to be deposited in The base in North Sharon Foot 429 00:36:04,247 --> 00:36:08,243 Nobody understands how it happened 430 00:36:08,443 --> 00:36:13,708 This is wonderful because there are so many riddles Remaining and we need more studies 431 00:36:13,908 --> 00:36:17,484 Even with all the data we have 432 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:22,020 We have many questions we must answer 433 00:36:22,220 --> 00:36:25,650 But we understand something about how Pluto works 434 00:36:25,850 --> 00:36:31,757 This allowed scientists to imagine The future of this frozen world 435 00:36:31,957 --> 00:36:40,284 Pluto is about to wake up From deep and cold sleep 436 00:36:50,924 --> 00:36:59,799 In 2015, a small automated transient survey was launched Pluto released the shutter camera 437 00:36:59,999 --> 00:37:02,910 High definition images surprised the world 438 00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:09,940 Glacial rivers,flat plains With signs of active ice volcanoes 439 00:37:10,140 --> 00:37:15,661 But it looked like a bunch of photos Impossible at first glance 440 00:37:15,861 --> 00:37:18,799 When we consider this The new world is completely within us 441 00:37:18,999 --> 00:37:21,346 We see things that are difficult to interpret at first sight 442 00:37:21,546 --> 00:37:26,856 There are dives and channels like Lakes or even small rivers 443 00:37:27,056 --> 00:37:31,079 These flow characteristics are made of nitrogen 444 00:37:31,279 --> 00:37:37,617 Though frozen now, it was Liquid in the near geological past 445 00:37:37,817 --> 00:37:39,163 But is that it? 446 00:37:39,363 --> 00:37:46,148 Pluto is cold and has a thin crust To allow the presence of fluids on its surface 447 00:37:47,512 --> 00:37:51,173 Fluids are difficult to obtain throughout the universe 448 00:37:51,373 --> 00:37:53,732 Everything feels solid or invasive 449 00:37:53,932 --> 00:37:57,813 Not only do you need the appropriate conditions For this liquid state of matter 450 00:37:58,013 --> 00:38:03,352 Even for nitrogen, you will take Heat and nitrogen heating 451 00:38:03,552 --> 00:38:05,549 There must also be some atmospheric pressure 452 00:38:05,717 --> 00:38:11,378 We need a thicker envelope to keep Liquid nitrogen on the surface 453 00:38:11,578 --> 00:38:14,831 Scientists conclude that in the last few million years 454 00:38:15,031 --> 00:38:18,326 A major event took Pluto 455 00:38:18,526 --> 00:38:22,688 Evaporates glaciers The casing is filled with nitrogen 456 00:38:22,888 --> 00:38:26,888 But what can cause this The big climate change? 457 00:38:27,088 --> 00:38:32,451 Scientists first looked To orbit Pluto prominently around the sun 458 00:38:32,651 --> 00:38:36,857 Once every 248 years 459 00:38:37,057 --> 00:38:40,424 The orbit of an oval pluto approaches the sun 460 00:38:40,624 --> 00:38:46,368 But this brief period of heat Summer is not enough to make Pluto's shell thick 461 00:38:46,568 --> 00:38:49,835 As it approaches the sun it accelerates and accelerates 462 00:38:50,035 --> 00:38:52,711 And slows down when away from the sun 463 00:38:52,911 --> 00:38:57,647 Vedio Summer on Pluto Much less than winter 464 00:38:57,847 --> 00:39:02,271 But every now and then, he likes Half Pluto with a strong summer 465 00:39:02,471 --> 00:39:06,095 Because of the unstable dwarf planet tendency 466 00:39:06,295 --> 00:39:10,143 We know how the Arctic is changing And the southern part of Pluto over time 467 00:39:10,143 --> 00:39:14,867 The top representing the ball Pluto's circle is not as stable as Earth 468 00:39:15,067 --> 00:39:22,218 Our planet deviates at an angle of 23.5 degrees It's been solved for thousands of years 469 00:39:22,418 --> 00:39:25,324 Pluto is less stable 470 00:39:25,324 --> 00:39:27,965 The cat changes over time 471 00:39:31,956 --> 00:39:37,128 Every few million years, Pluto turns on its side 472 00:39:37,328 --> 00:39:43,707 To reveal the northern half to sunlight Continuous as it passes the sun 473 00:39:43,907 --> 00:39:50,263 The warmth of this change Orbital change of the planet's surface 474 00:39:52,833 --> 00:39:55,421 Imagine hot Pluto 475 00:39:55,621 --> 00:39:58,728 It spreads the atmosphere and is full of clouds 476 00:39:58,928 --> 00:40:02,132 Warm winds blow across the plains 477 00:40:02,332 --> 00:40:05,051 Pluto's snow begins to melt 478 00:40:05,251 --> 00:40:11,972 ,,,Like an animal out of hibernation Pluto comes back to life 479 00:40:15,374 --> 00:40:21,826 It is likely subject to these changes Rotating where it cools, heats, cools and heats 480 00:40:22,026 --> 00:40:24,625 In the past, and maybe in the future again 481 00:40:24,825 --> 00:40:28,537 Pluto is covered with liquid in Your surface, even if it is temporary? 482 00:40:28,737 --> 00:40:31,120 What would that mean? And what will that look like? 483 00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:36,460 Eighty thousand years later Now, Pluto will wake up again 484 00:40:36,660 --> 00:40:39,436 It will turn completely to face the sun 485 00:40:39,636 --> 00:40:44,468 The plaster will be filled with the sound of nitrogen 486 00:40:44,668 --> 00:40:50,067 ,You will see flowing rivers of nitrogen You will stand on the shore of a nitrogen lake 487 00:40:50,267 --> 00:40:54,462 There will be pink ice Organic molecules come to you 488 00:40:54,662 --> 00:40:58,064 ! What a magical real world 489 00:40:58,264 --> 00:41:02,508 New Horizons "is on the way" To look for new goals 490 00:41:02,708 --> 00:41:05,706 More surprises may come 491 00:41:05,906 --> 00:41:10,428 However, the legacy of this probe The little one goes far beyond Pluto 492 00:41:10,628 --> 00:41:15,503 It changes the way we look at worlds Frozen in our galaxy 493 00:41:15,703 --> 00:41:19,344 And the potential of these distant worlds 494 00:41:19,544 --> 00:41:23,786 He tells us that there is a large platform To the game of life out there in the galaxy 495 00:41:23,986 --> 00:41:29,044 Many worlds, imagine one world He's there somewhere 496 00:41:29,244 --> 00:41:32,304 This is a lesson that Pluto gives us 497 00:41:32,504 --> 00:41:37,136 He tells us that things can be there More exciting than you thought 498 00:41:37,892 --> 00:41:42,474 ,Pluto really inspired me Show me how wrong we can be 499 00:41:42,674 --> 00:41:46,249 We thought when understanding what Pluto was It was completely different 500 00:41:46,449 --> 00:41:50,946 As a scientist, you have to think How much do we have to discover there? 501 00:41:51,146 --> 00:41:54,474 That's exactly what Pluto taught us